The importance of optimal balance of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and adequate physical activity during the period of growth and development for bone health

Abstract

Bones are mineralized connective tissue that provides to body anti-gravity support, enables movement with the help of muscles, and protects internal organs. Individual skeletal quality, as a result of genetic, hormonal, and external factors, such as nutrition, physical activity and others, is achieved during the period of growth and development. Peak bone mass is attained by the end of the second decade of life and is maintained until age 40–50, then gradually decreases without the possibility of rebuilt. It is therefore clear that the lack of adequate bone mass building during the development period, in addition to the immediate consequences, represents a high risk of osteoporosis and its complications in later life, especially in old age. The purpose of this article is to review the importance of optimal calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D balance and adequate physical activity during growth and development in achieving maximizing peak bone mass.

Keywords: bone health; children; adolescents